Respiratory System(•̀ᴗ•́)و ̑̑

*). Respiratory Tract (Saluran Pernapasan) :
1. Rongga Hidung
2. Mulut
3. Larynx
4. Farynx
5. Epiglotis
6. Trakea
7. Bronkus
8. Bronkiolus
9. Alveolus

*). Mekanisme Pernapasan :
1. Inspirasi
2. Ekspirasi

*). Pernapasan :
1. Dada
2. Perut

_Human Biology_

Chapter 10 :

Respiratory System :

 Exchange of Gases

*). Human Respiratory System :

*). Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract :

*). Upper Respiratory Tract Functions :

- Passageway for respiration

- Receptors for smell

- Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material

- Moistens and warms incoming air

- Resonating chambers for voice

*). Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract :

*). Lower Respiratory Tract Functions :

- Larynx : maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production

- Trachea : transports air to and from lungs

- Bronchi : branch into lungs

- Lungs : transport air to alveoli  for gas exchange

Gas Exchange Between The Blood and Alveoli :

*). Respiratory Cycle :

*). Measurement of Lung Capacity :

*). Regulation of Breathing :

*). Regulation of Breathing :

Nervous System Involvement

- Carotid and aortic bodies : sensitive to carbon dioxide, pH, and oxygen levels

- Conscious control : resides in higher brain centers; ability to modify breath is limited

*). Disorders of Respiratory System :

- Reduced air flow : asthma, emphysema, bronchitis

- Infections : pneumonia, tuberculosis, botulism

- Lung cancer

- Congestive heart failure

- Cystic fibrosis

*). Breathing Disorders :

- One breathing disorder :

Asthma or Bronchitis

- One possible cause

- Prevention

- Treatment

*). Process of Breathing : Pressure Gradient

- Inspiration/Expiration : air in/air out

- Cycle :

+ Relaxed state : diaphragm and intercostal muscles relaxed

+ Inspiration : diaphragm contracts, pulling muscle down, intercostal muscles contract elevating chest wall and expanding volume of chest, lowering pressure in lungs, pulling in air

+ Expiration : muscles relax, diaphragm resumes dome shape, intercostal muscles allow chest to lower resulting in increase of pressure in chest and expulsion of air

*). Measurement of Lung Function :

- Lung volumes and vital capacity :

+ Tidal volume : volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a single breath

+ Dead space volume : the air that remains in the airways and does not participate in gas exchange

+ Vital capacity : the maximal volume that can be exhaled after maximal inhalation

+ Inspiratory reserve volume : the amount of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume

+ Expiratory reserve volume : the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond the tidal volume

+ Residual volume : the amount of air remaining in the lungs, even after a forceful maximal expiration

- Measurement : spirometer

*). Gas Exchange & Transport : A Passive Process Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures

- External respiration : gases exchanged between air and blood

- Internal respiration : gases exchanged with tissue fluids

- Oxygen transport : bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells or dissolved in blood plasma

- Carbon dioxide transport : dissolved in blood plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or in the form of plasma bicarbonate

*). Regulation of Breathing : 

Nervous System Involvement

- Respiratory center in the medulla oblongata : estabilishes basic breathing pattern

- Chemical receptors : monitor carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and oxygen levels

- Medulla : sensitive to hydrogen ions in cerebrospinals fluid resulting from carbon dioxide in blood

*). Four Respirations Processes :

- Breathing (ventilation) : air in to and out of lungs

- External respiration : gas exchange between air and blood

- Internal respiration : gas exchange between blood and tissues

- Cellular respiration : oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste